Climate change, development in hazard-prone areas, and the loss of services provided by natural systems are increasing risks to people, infrastructure and economies. To manage these risks, we need to understand the performance of conventional or grey infrastructure and nature-based solutions (such as green infrastructure). Nature-based solutions are actions to protect, sustainably manage or restore natural or modified ecosystems. They can be used to address societal challenges, simultaneously providing benefits for people and the environment. This report integrates academic and practitioner perspectives to evaluate the effectiveness of 23 nature-based solutions to address hazards and to provide ecosystem services. It also provides recommendations, both to systematically consider nature-based solutions and to accelerate research, innovation and adaptative learning.